OK, I don't use the columns view, but when I tried it, all I needed to do was grab the divider line between columns and move it to the left to shrink the column. Then do the same with the next column, etc.
However, to try to fix it, open Finder then click on the Go at the top bar, then hold down the CMD key and Library should open up. Go there. In the Preferences folder find "com.apple.finder.plist" and move it to the desktop or delete it. The goal is to have that file NOT be in the Library/Preferences folder. Now open terminal and issue the following command:
sudo killall Finder
then enter an admin password (It won't appear, just type it in carefully and then hit Return).
That will kill Finder, but it will then immediately restart and create a new plist file. That should solve the problem, I think.