New SSD install wont boot (iMAC 2012)

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Jan 1, 2009
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Location
Winchester, VA
Your Mac's Specs
MBP 16" 2023 (M3 Pro), iPhone 15 Pro, plus ATVs, AWatch, MacMinis (multiple)
Well, from that screenshot it looks like you are booted from "Backup HDD" as that is mounted at "/" and none of this is using APFS. The filesystem of the SSD is Journaled HFS+, which is what you should have. But that drive is empty. You have 494.86GB of 499.76GB available, which means it's basically got nothing on it. That's probably why it won't boot. Nothing there to boot. You said you can read and write to it, so there is nothing hardware that should be blocking it from booting, if it had a system on it.
 

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