The term "Temporary Internet Files" on Windows means Internet Explorer's cache.
If it's indeed Safari's cache what you're looking for,
then you'll find it at
/Users/[your account name]/Library/Caches/Safari
But unlike Internet Explorer's cache,
the files do not retain their real file names (I assume, for security purposes)
and you cannot open the files and view them.
note:
As for Firefox's cache, it should be at
/Users/[your account name]/Library/Caches/Firefox/Profiles/[random characters].default/Cache
The files do not retain their file names either;
however, if you drag them into Firefox, they can be opened.