The bottom line is that the individual calendar itself appears to have been corrupted. Not the entries, the calendar itself.
BUT...
There is indeed a consistent problem with later data overriding a backup from an earlier date. Even if the data on iCloud is deleted, the later iCloud data (or lack of it) overrides the earlier backup to the iPod. So it's not a merge or a true restore, it's a wipe.
This is what finally worked, over a number of tries.
1. Reset iPod, erasing data.
2. Did setup for restore from backup.
3. Restored from 6/27/15 iCloud backup (the most recent iTunes backup was 5/16/15).
4. Waited till settings were restored and restoration of Apps began (also photos). Checked that calendar was there. (Note: As I wasn't working through iTunes, and the restoration of photos from iCloud took forever, I didn't have to disconnect the router.)
5. Went to iCloud setting and turned off Calendar.
6. When restoration was complete, checked that calendar data was still there. Since I'm OCD, checked several times, compulsively.
7. Did a backup to iCloud.
8. For good measure, plugged in to iTunes and did a backup to computer (this turned out to be useful as restore was faster).
8.1 Note: the iCloud Calendar setting was in the "Off" position before the backup, so it then restored in the "Off" position.
8.2 IMPORTANT NOTE: By doing this, I didn't have to use the 6/26/15 backup any more. The time stamp of the backup was now apparently later than the time stamp of the data, so it began to sync correctly; at least, it transferred the data from the iPod to iCloud and iMac. As this isn't a true "restore", that seemed to matter a great deal. I could delete data from iCloud and iMac and the restored iPod data would transfer to both, though it still dropped the corrupted calendar. That's how I figured out that the calendar itself was corrupted.
9. As it turned out, though I erased and restored from the computer backup several more times, testing various scenarios, I wouldn't have had to, because...
10. I created a dummy calendar on iCloud and iMac, and removed all of the existing ones with data.
11. On the iPod, I created a new calendar (called "Temp").
12. I went through all of the entries for the corrupted calendar (since 2013!!!), and moved them to the new "Temp" calendar.
13. I removed the corrupted calendar and any other spurious calendars without data.
14. I should have done a backup at this point but I didn't.
15. I went to the iCloud setting and turned Calendar back on.
It synched correctly, including the "Temp" calendar, containing the data moved from the corrupted calendar.
Problem not solved, but I definitely found a workaround. As I did this kind of stuff for 35 years, it's nice to know I haven't lost my touch. (Dad-burned machines! Can't hold a candle to the VAX 11-780!)(Bring back COBOL! Save Our Nation!)
Once again, thank you very much for your help and advice.
Kathryn Z. (Hah! I worked on Oracle 2.3, dad-gummit, and know where the bodies are buried!)